14 Nov Grandfathers in Judaism

I. Teaching Torah
Grandparents fulfill a unique mitzvah by teaching their descendants Torah. The Gemara (Kiddushin 30a)
offers someone named Zevulun ben Dan as an example of the highest level of parental Torah teaching.
His grandfather taught him the entire Torah — Bible, Mishnah, Gemara, Halachah and Aggadah. The
Gemara continues that whoever teaches his grandson Torah makes it as if the child received the Torah
from Sinai. Right after the Torah says, “And make them known to your children and your children’s
children” (Deut. 4:9), which Rashi (ad loc.) explains refers to the commandments, the text continues with
“the day that you stood before the Lord your God at Chorev” (ibid., 9). Grandparents continue the chain
of transmission from Sinai.
Maharshal (Yam Shel Shlomo, Kiddushin 1:58) concludes that a grandfather is obligated to pay for a tutor
for his grandson, if that child otherwise will not learn Torah. Rav Yosef Karo (Kessef Mishneh, Hilchos
Talmud Torah 1:2) questions whether this applies only to a son’s son or also to a daughter’s son. Since a
daughter is only obligated to learn Torah in order to fulfill it, rather than as an abstract, all-inclusive
obligation, perhaps a daughter’s son cannot be more of an obligation than the daughter. Shach (Yoreh
De’ah 245:1) believes that a grandfather has a unique obligation to all grandsons, regardless of whether
they are the son of a daughter or son.
II. Respect
The Ten Commandments require children to respect their parents. What about grandparents? The
Gemara (Makkos 12a) contrasts two teachings about a man who kills his son by accident. According to
one teaching, another son becomes the go’el ha-dam, the avenging relative who may kill the murderer if
he fails to reach a city of refuge. According to another teaching, a son cannot become a go’el ha-dam for
his father, since he is forbidden to hit his father. The Gemara answers that the teaching permitting it
refers to a grandson, who may avenge his father’s death even if the accidental murderer was his
grandfather. Rashi (ad loc., sv. h”g ela) explains that a grandson is not obligated to respect his
grandfather and therefore may hit and even kill him, when otherwise permitted. Based on this, Maharik
(no. 44) concludes that a grandson is not obligated to honor his grandfather (any more than he is
obligated to honor everyone).
However, elsewhere the Gemara (Sotah 49a) tells the story of Rav Acha bar Ya’akov who raised his
grandson, Rav Ya’akov. One time, Rav Acha asked Rav Ya’akov to bring him water and Rav Ya’akov
refused, saying, “I’m not your son.” Rashi (ad loc., sv. bar) explains that a grandson does not have to
honor his grandfather like a son has to honor his father. Many commentaries and authorities deduce from
Rashi’s wording that a grandson has a unique obligation to respect his grandfather but it is less than the
obligation a son has to his father (e.g. Minchas Elazar 3:33). Rema (Yoreh De’ah 240:24) rules this way.
Rashi’s comment regarding the go’el ha-dam can be interpreted similarly, as meaning that a grandson
must respect his grandfather, but not like his father. Taz (Yoreh De’ah 240:20) points out that Rashi
offers a similar interpretation in his commentary to the Torah (Gen. 46:1). Ya’akov offered sacrifices to
the God of his father, Yitzchak. Rashi says that Ya’akov specifically mentioned only Yitzchak, and not
Avraham, because a person is obligated to honor his father more than his grandfather.
III. Not a Father
Rav Ya’akov acts strangely in the above story about Rav Acha asking his grandson to get him water. Why
would he respond disrespectfully to the grandfather who raised him? Perhaps this story teaches us the
answer to a broader question: why shouldn’t a person be obligated to honor his grandfather like his
father?

Rav Ya’akov wasn’t displaying disrespect and ingratitude to his grandfather. He was teaching a
fundamental lesson, certainly expressed in a context of love. A basic message that grandparents
sometimes forget is that a grandparent is not a parent. Someone who raises you or teaches you or
otherwise showers you in goodness deserves your gratitude and respect. However, the bond between a
parent and child surpasses all other human relationships (except perhaps your spouse). Typically,
grandparents give to their grandchildren, offering guidance and wisdom but serving more as benefactor
than enforcer. Parents give plenty but also discipline. Similarly, we look to God as our father, who gives
us so much but punishes us when we break the rules. Confusion about the parental role – parenting like
grandparents without strong discipline – can lead to confusion about God, expecting only divine blessing
and feeling resentment over punishment.
Our obligations to our grandparents are real. However, they cannot compare to our obligations to our
parents, who brought us into this world. In some ways, parents serve as God’s representative in a young
child’s life (albeit not always successfully). Even when a grandfather has to fill the void of a lost or
incapacitated father, as with the teaching of Torah mentioned above and other laws (e.g. circumcision),
he does not become the parent. The biological and spiritual bond of a parent and child is not merely
greater than all other relationships but qualitatively different. The grandfather is treated differently, not
because he does not deserve respect but because a parent deserves a unique level of respect.